by Irene Rajagopal, attorney at PAPER Law Office
(An Image from the Court's decision.)
Can the fashion design of colors, lines, chevrons be protected by copyright laws to prevent copycats? The answer is yes, if the artistic feature of the design can be separated from the useful article and can exist independently as a protectable pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work.
U.S. Supreme Court's 6-2 decision in Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc., No. 15-866, 2017 WL 1066261, decided on March 22, 2017, may become a landmark case for fashion and industrial design. The Court clarified the test to separately identify artistic elements from useful articles. Therefore, if the artistic elements in a useful articles can pass the test, such artistic elements are eligible for copyright protection.
1. The Court's Holding
Here is the holding from the case:
"[A]n artistic feature of the design of a useful article is eligible for copyright protection if the feature (1)can be perceived as a two- or three-dimensional work of art separate from the useful article and (2) would qualify as a protectable pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work either on its own or in some other medium if imaginedseparately from the useful article".
2. Case Analysis
In Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc., Varsity Brands designs and sells cheerleadering uniforms. They have obtained over 200 copyright registration of their designs, which combinations, positionings, andarrangements of elements” that include 'chevrons . . . ,lines, curves, stripes, angles, diagonals, inverted [chevrons], coloring, and shapes'". Star Athletica also sells cheerleading uniforms. Varsity Brand sued for the copyright infringement of the design.
Section 101 Copyright Act offers the copyright protection on the artistic elements of useful articles, as a pictorial, graphic or sculptural work, only if such features "can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article".
There are two requirements to meet: (1) separate identification; and (2) independent-existence. The challenging part is the latter one -- to decide whether the artistic elements can independently exist. The Court ruled that:" ...[T]he feature must be able to exist as its own pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work as defined in §101 once it isimagined apart from the useful article." The Court concluded that; "a feature of the design of a useful article is eligible for copyright if, when identified and imagined apart from the useful article, it would qualify as a pictorial,graphic, or sculptural work either on its own or when fixed in some other tangible medium."
In this case, the majority hold that the artistic elements, the design on the cheerleading uniforms, not the design of the cheerleading uniforms itself, can be separated and independently exist on a two dimension medium, like a canvas.
3. Impact on Industrial Design
The distinction between the artistic elements and the industrial design is usually unclear. This landmark case helps to clarify the judicial standard on the copyright protection on the artistic elements in the design, and will impact the fashion design.
Prior to this case, the industrial design usually seek for protection through trade dress or design patent. Fashion industry, at its fast pace, is vulnerable for copycats. The copyright protection in its nature fit for the fashion industry, because copyright protection does not require any lengthy pre-approval from the authorities like patent. However, before this case, the copyright protection did not do much favor for fashion design, because the copyright law protects artistic expression as "pictorial, graphic or sculptural work", but not the useful article. As the Court noted, "The line between art and industrial design, however, is often difficult to draw."
This case will definitely clarify the copyright protection standard for fashion design and other industrial design. High street fashion brands should be more cautious for getting "inspiration" from other brands' design.
There is an important caveat in this case. The copyright protection of such feature is not unlimited. The Court clarified that the copyright protection only afford the Varsity Brands Inc. to "prohibit the reproduction of the surface design", not prohibit "any person from manufacturing a cheerleading uniform of identical shape, cut and dimensions".
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